The Origins of Financial Development: The African Slave Trade and Modern Finance

The Origins of Financial Development: The African Slave Trade and Modern Finance

by | Jul 1, 2018 | by Ross Levine, Financial Globalization, Grant, Research

by Ross Levine

This research will evaluate the impact of the 1400-1900 African slave trade on household and firm financing constraints today. The study of the historical determinants of finance is important both for understanding the evolution of the institutions that shape the operation of financial systems and for providing guidance to current policy analysts and policymakers about key barriers to the development of more efficient financial markets and institutions. The project will exploit cross-country and cross-ethnic group differences in the intensity with which people were enslaved and exported from Africa during the 1400-1900 period to identify the impact of the historic slave trade on modern financial systems. This work will provide evidence on whether the slave trade—which has had an enduring, deleterious effect on social cohesion—continues to harm the operation of credit institutions.

Topics

Capital flows

Initiatives

Financial Globalization

Dissecting Gravity: From Customs Forms to Country-Level Trade Flows

Dissecting Gravity: From Customs Forms to Country-Level Trade Flows

by | Jul 1, 2018 | by Dmitry Livdan; Vladimir Sokolov; & Amir Yadon, Grant, International Trade & Development, Research

by Dmitry Livdan, Vladimir Sokolov and Amir Yadon

For a draft of the paper, see here.

Using a novel data set for Russian exporters allowing for the exact firm-to-firm distances, this project investigates the micro-foundations of gravity by testing at all levels of trade flows: individual cargo, firm, and country. We find that distance does a poor job explaining variation in individual cargo values as most of its explanatory power is absorbed by the recipient fixed effects and transportation dummies. At the firm level the export value increases/decreases with distance with/without the recipient fixed effects in the gravity specification. In addition, the classic gravity holds at the country level in spite of Chaney (2016) gravity sufficiency conditions being violated for Russian exporters. To rationalize these findings, we propose that for gravity to hold at the country level, the firm-level level extensive trade margin — the number of shipments — has to decline faster than the intensive trade margin — value-per-shipment — increases with distance. We develop a network based model of firm-to-firm trade to support our empirical evidence.

 

Topics

Development

Initiatives

International Trade & Development

The effects of joining Multinational Supply Chains: New Evidence from Firm-to-Firm Linkages

The effects of joining Multinational Supply Chains: New Evidence from Firm-to-Firm Linkages

by | Jul 1, 2018 | by Isabela Manelici; Jose-P. Vasquez; & Alonso Alfaro-Urena, International Trade & Development, Research

by Isabela Manelici and Jose-P. Vasquez (UC Berkeley), with Alonso Alfaro-Urena (Banco Central de Costa Rica)

See here for a draft of the paper.

Using administrative data tracking all firm-to-firm transactions in Costa Rica, we investigate the effects of becoming a supplier to multinational corporations (MNCs). Event-study estimates reveal that after starting to supply MNCs domestic firms experience strong and persistent improvements in firm performance, including gains of 6-9% in revenue-based measures of total factor productivity (TFPR) four years after. Moreover, their business with buyers other than the first MNC buyer grows by 20%. This growth is due to both higher average sales and having more buyers. To interpret these changes in business with others, we propose a simple theoretical framework. When we do not account for the extensive margin of new buyers, we estimate gains in the productivity residual similar to TFPR estimates. Around half of these gains are due to an improved ability to match with new buyers. Finally, we survey domestic firms and MNCs for additional insight. We learn that becoming suppliers to MNCs is transformative for domestic firms, with changes ranging from new managerial practices to better reputation. These changes arise from interactions during which MNCs communicate their expectations and advice on how to meet them, and from the efforts of new suppliers to rise up to the challenge.

Topics

Development

Initiatives

International Trade & Development

Progressive Taxation and Tax Revenue Across Development

Progressive Taxation and Tax Revenue Across Development

by | Jul 1, 2018 | by Gabriel Zucman & Anders Jensen, International Trade & Development, Research

by Gabriel Zucman (UC Berkeley) and Anders Jensen (Harvard Kennedy School)

For a presentation of this research, see here.

Why do developing countries have low tax-to-GDP ratios? Is it because they are not able to tax (due, e.g., to the informal structure of the economy) or because they are not trying to tax (due, e.g., to political economy reasons leading to low tax rates on high-income earners)? To address this question, this project aims at estimating tax progressivity in a large set of countries across levels of development, by combining national account data, tax statistics, and legislative information. This will allow us to analyze whether tax progressivity can account for differences in tax-to-GDP ratios across development levels today. As a useful benchmarking exercise, we will equalize tax progressivity across developing countries, assuming no behavioral responses, in order to estimate the share of the tax revenue gap that can be explained by lower taxes on top-earners.

Topics

Development

Initiatives

International Trade & Development

Estimating Sector-Level Economies of Scale

Estimating Sector-Level Economies of Scale

by | Jul 1, 2018 | by Andres Rodriguez-Clare; Dominick Bartelme; Arnaud Costinot; & Dave Donaldson, Grant, International Trade & Development, Research

By Andres Rodriguez-Clare, UC Berkeley, Dominick  Bartelme, University of Michigan,  Arnaud Costinot, MIT, and Dave Donaldson, Stanford University

                 For a preliminary version of the paper, see here.

Sector-level economies of scale matter for economic development, industrial policy, and the consequences of trade liberalization. As of yet, however, the literature has not converged on a definitive answer regarding their existence and even less an estimate of their magnitude and variation across sectors. For example, most quantitative trade papers explicitly or implicitly assume that the sector-level scale elasticity is either zero or equal to the inverse of the trade elasticity. This paper develops a two-step strategy for estimating sector-level scale elasticities using bilateral trade data. First, a revealed preference approach is used to compute the productivity of each sector-country cell from observed bilateral trade flows. Second, a market access approach is used to construct demand shifters that vary across sector-country cells. The scale elasticity (a supply side parameter) is recovered from a regression of productivity on sector size using the constructed demand shifters as instrumental variables. Prelim- inary results suggest that economies of scale are positive but not as large as those implicitly imposed in many leading quantitative trade models.

Photo source: blogs.terrapinn.com

Topics

Development

Initiatives

International Trade & Development

International Monetary Policy Spillovers: A High Frequency Approach

International Monetary Policy Spillovers: A High Frequency Approach

by | Jul 1, 2017 | by Chris Jauregui & Ganesh Viswanath Natraj, Fellowship, Financial Globalization, Research

by Chris Jauregui and Ganesh Viswanath Natraj

For a presentation of preliminary results, see this.

When the US sneezes, do other countries catch a cold? (Rey 2015) suggests that there is a global financial cycle in asset prices driven by US monetary policy as the center country, suggesting that small open economies with floating exchange rate regimes do not have true monetary independence. In this project, we investigate both financial and real spillovers of monetary policy, using high-frequency identification of monetary announcements from major central banks in advanced countries (Bernanke and Kuttner, 2005 and Gurkaynak et al, 2005). To identify real spillovers of monetary shocks to countries abroad, we use high-frequency “economic-news” tracking portfolios (ETPs), constructed using intraday asset returns and survey-based economic forecasts (Lamont, 2001). ETPs are linear combinations of financial asset returns that best mimic “news” about future real output, inflation, or unemployment, and so their responses to high frequency monetary shocks provide a good proxy for the real spillovers of monetary news across borders. We also test if international monetary policy spillovers were dampened by unconventional monetary policies following the financial crisis of 2007. In addition, we propose an equilibrium modeling framework to account for presence of financial spillovers; these financial linkages are due to the fact that the US dollar is used as a vehicle currency for raising debt and capital flows. The financial channel of a strengthening US dollar may cause a decline in the small open economy’s ability to source dollar denominated debt, and balance-sheet pressures leading to contractionary real effects for the small open economy (Gourinchas 2016 and Aoki, Benigno and Kiyotaki 2016).

Topics

Capital flows

Initiatives

Financial Globalization